Using a precise scanning-microcalorimetric technique, the heat-capacity difference between water and an aqueous solution of benzene or of toluene has been measured for a broad temperature range (from 278 to 413 K) under excess pressure, and the partial specific heat capacity of these solutes has been determined. There are sufficient high-quality literature values to make a good evaluation with a high degree of confidence. Where Q = quantity of heat, c = specif heat of benzene, m = mass of benzene, t = initial temperature, t = final temperature. J. Chem. (The density of benzene is 0.80 g/mL, its specific heat capacity is 1.74 J/g K, and its heat of fusion is 127 J/g.) Swietoslawski, W.; Zielenkiewicz, A., Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. (The specific heat of benzene is 1.740 J/g C). When gasoline burns, the benzene reacts with oxygen. Grolier, J.-P.E. Am. Atalla, S.R. Chemical Properties of Ethylbenzene (CAS 100-41-4) InChI InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 InChI Key YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formula C8H10 SMILES CCc1ccccc1 Molecular Weight 1 106.17 CAS 100-41-4 Other Names .alpha.-methyltoluene Aethylbenzol Benzene, ethyl- EB Ethylbenzeen Ethylbenzol Etilbenzene Etylobenzen NCI-C56393 NSC 406903 Czarnota, I., [all data], Rajagopal and Subrahmanyam, 1974 J. Chem. Partial Vaporization of a Mixture An equimolar liquid mixture of Myeloperoxidase mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased generation of toxic metabolites. Next, the diol is newly reduced by NADH to catechol. NQ01 metabolizes benzoquinone toward polyphenols (counteracting the effect of MPO). [96], The paradigm of toxicological assessment of benzene is shifting towards the domain of molecular toxicology as it allows understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms in a better way. ; Simonov, V.M. National Institute of Standards and NQ01 mutations result in loss of function and may result in decreased detoxification. The following information is given for benzene at 1 | Chegg.com Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 411-423. 1196-58-3. [57] The molecular orbital description involves the formation of three delocalized orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while the valence bond description involves a superposition of resonance structures. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST [40] Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if it had not yet appeared in print. Findenegg, G.H. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) revised the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) concentration for benzene to 500 ppm. Via hydrogenation, benzene and its derivatives convert to cyclohexane and derivatives. The Cl , Br and CN nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring of benzene diazonium salt in the presence of Cu(I) ion. \Delta H of fusion for benzene is 9.87 kJ/mol; specific heat for liquid benzene is 1.63 J/g X degrees). AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. PDF Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge International DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Notes, Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008 For full table with Imperial Units - rotate the screen! Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S. [citation needed] Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these . These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. Benzene Gas - Specific Heat vs. [all data], Tanaka, 1982 Commun., 1979, 44, 3529-3532. ; T = 280 to 353 K. Data also given by equation. When certain compounds are heated, light is emitted because the compounds CONVERT some of the energy from the heating into coloured light of specific colours. [all data], Maass and Walbauer, 1925 Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, and pesticides. Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure May cause drowsiness and dizziness. in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a di-substituted aromatic ring (viz, naphthalene). Sci. J. Chem. The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%. Ethylbenzene | C6H5C2H5 or C8H10 | CID 7500 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities . by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. Study of the heat capacity of selected solvents, J. Chem. Fortier, J.-L.; Benson, G.C., Isotopic effect in the specific heat of some deutero compounds, Eng. Even if it is not a common substrate for metabolism, benzene can be oxidized by both bacteria and eukaryotes. 1st Czech. Tanaka, R., You will need these items: T-shirt Ironing board Iron Wax paper Towel or rag Step 1: Benzene - NIST Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! ; El-Sharkawy, A.A.; Gasser, F.A., Dokl. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. ; Smith, N.K., J. Eng. Benzene CCOHS. ; Inglese, A.; Wilhelm, E., Temperature. Benzene and cyclohexane have a similar structure, only the ring of delocalized electrons and the loss of one hydrogen per carbon distinguishes it from cyclohexane. von Reis, M.A., The solvent-properties of the two are similar, but toluene is less toxic and has a wider liquid range. : Dynamic viscosity (Pas). It is probable that trying to dispose of benzene in this way will also break local, environmental rules. Chem., 1948, 79, 162-177. [49] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Grbe's nomenclature to benzene.[50]. Am. ; Bashirov, M.M. [all data], Naziev, Bashirov, et al., 1986 What is the specific heat of benzene? - displaypointer.com Phys., 1937, 5, 537-551. [46], The German chemist Wilhelm Krner suggested the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to distinguish di-substituted benzene derivatives in 1867; however, he did not use the prefixes to distinguish the relative positions of the substituents on a benzene ring. Flow microcalorimeter for heat capacities of solutions, C) Question: It takes 11.2 KJ of energy to raise the temperature of 145 g of benzene from 25.0C to 70.0C. Benzene is hepatically metabolized and excreted in the urine. Heat capacity, c p: 118.4 J/(mol K) at 0 C . Data, 1986, 31, 238-240. Fiock, E.F.; Ginnings, D.C.; Holton, W.B., It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. Ber. A typical reaction yield exceeds 95%. Burlew, J.S., [all data], Willams and Daniels, 1924 Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. Specific heat of Benzene Gas - C6H6 - at temperatures ranging 250 - 900 K: Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! [75][95], Genetic polymorphisms in these enzymes may induce loss of function or gain of function. Conf. [all data], Findenegg, Gruber, et al., 1965 Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S., ; T = 9 to 80C, mean Cp, five temperatures. [all data], Grolier, Roux-Desgranges, et al., 1993 Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Diffuse through otherliquids 6. The heat capacities, entropies and free energies of twelve aromatic hydrocarbons, Heat capacities and densities of mixtures of very polar substances 2. In 1872, Kekul suggested that benzene had two complementary structures and that these forms rapidly interconverted, so that if there were a double bond between any pair of carbon atoms at one instant, that double bond would become a single bond at the next instant (and vice versa). Roux, M.V. [58][59][60][61] It is likely that this stability contributes to the peculiar molecular and chemical properties known as aromaticity. Some 20% of the benzene production is used to manufacture cumene, which is needed to produce phenol and acetone for resins and adhesives. National Library of Medicine. Chem. the Benzene should NOT be used at all unless no safer alternatives are available. ; Tupman, W.I. ; Smith, J.F. Soc., 1925, 47, 1490-1503. Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., Alkyne trimerisation of acetylene gives benzene. Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C6H5C6H5. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [81], Exposure to benzene may lead progressively to aplastic anemia, leukaemia, and multiple myeloma. Khim., 1941, 11, 471-482. Chim. ; Lundberg, W.O., Data, 1969, 14, 102-106. (August 2007). Chem. Today, most benzene comes from the petrochemical industry, with only a small fraction being produced from coal. Pure Benzene (C_6H_6) has a melting point of 5.5 degrees Celsius. See, The word "benzoin" is derived from the Arabic expression ", Laurent, Auguste (1836) "Sur la chlorophnise et les acides chlorophnisique et chlorophnsique,". He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake biting its own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or endless knot). Q = joules = x 10^ joules. Benzene is found in air, water, and soil that comes from both industrial and natural sources, is highly flammable, and evapo-rates into air very quickly, and dissolves slightly in water. ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Berkane, M.; Jimenez, E.; Wilhelm, E., Specific gravity: 0.87 Principal hazards *** Benzene is a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). Keep away from heat and sources of ignition. [all data], Reddy, 1986 Kolosovskii, N.A. In some systems, even the benzene-to-xylenes ratio is modified to favor xylenes. ; Nagano, Y., American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) adopted Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for benzene at 0.5 ppm TWA and 2.5 ppm STEL. [all data], Pacor, 1967 Staveley, L.A.K. [all data], Prosen, Gilmont, et al., 1945 [79][80], According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007), benzene is both a synthetically-made and naturally occurring chemical from processes that include: volcanic eruptions, wild fires, synthesis of chemicals such as phenol, production of synthetic fibers, and fabrication of rubbers, lubricants, pesticides, medications, and dyes. [all data], Andrews, Lynn, et al., 1926 J. Res. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. [all data], Huffman, Parks, et al., 1930 : Molwarme des Systems 1,2-Dibromathan-Benzol, [1]24, 1935, 107-115. Temp., 1983, 21(2), 270-275. Chem., 1951, 198, 263-269. However, if heated it becomes a gas, and when cooled it becomes a solid. Ser. Maass, O.; Walbauer, L.J., In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements. Chim. [all data], Fiock, Ginnings, et al., 1931 Andrews, D.H.; Lynn, G.; Johnston, J., [all data], Rastorguev and Ganiev, 1967 Excess volumes and excess heat capacities of 2,3-dimethylbutane + butane and + toluene, Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Benzene: Patient information sheet, "Drinking Water Contaminants | Organic Chemicals | Benzene", "Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations", "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction", "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure", "100 tonnes of pollutants spilled into Chinese river", "Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response", "A Former Nazi Labor Camp in Austria, Now Billed as a Tourist Site", Dept. [105] Benzene leaked into the Songhua River, which supplies drinking water to the city, after an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory in the city of Jilin on 13 November 2005. Recko, W.M., ; Wilhelm, E.; Hamedi, M.H., CYP2E1 is involved at multiple steps: converting benzene to oxepin (benzene oxide), phenol to hydroquinone, and hydroquinone to both benzenetriol and catechol. Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(C6H6)2 and [RuCl2(C6H6)]2. Excess heat capacity of the binary systems formed by n-propyl alcohol with benzene, mesitylene and cyclohexane, The measurement of benzene in humans can be accomplished via urine, blood, and breath tests; however, all of these have their limitations because benzene is rapidly metabolized in the human body. [all data], Gorbunova, Grigoriev, et al., 1982 Similarly, the Friedel-Crafts acylation is a related example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Molecular Weight 1 134.22 CAS 105-05-5 Other Names 1,4-DIETHYLBENZENE Benzene, p-diethyl- p-Diethylbenzene p-Ethylethylbenzene para-Diethylbenzene : Acentric Factor. Sieg, L.; Crtzen, J.L. Thermodynam., 1974, 6, 873-876. Reproductive toxicity Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. Occupational Exposures Chemical Carcinogens & Mutagens - scribd.com MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. Duff, G.M. 2039504. Mitt. The current NIOSH definition for an IDLH condition, as given in the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, is one that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment. Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both sexes of multiple species of laboratory animals exposed via various routes. Molar heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures: 1,2-dichloroethane + benzene, + toluene, and + p-xylene, Benzene. Measurement of the heat capacity of a small volume of liquid by the piezo-thermometric method. Thus, a double bond would exist with one neighbor during the first interval and with the other neighbor during the next interval. Benzene is an excellent ligand in the organometallic chemistry of low-valent metals. [all data], Tanaka, 1985 The heat capacities and heat of crystallization of some isomeric aromatic compounds, This amount is about 10 times the average daily intake of benzene by nonsmokers. The affected batches were removed from sale. 3 mtr circ Lifting strap 1 Ton x 1.5m EWL round sling Hoist, 30PCS 3/8-16x1-3/4" Allen Socket Head Cap Screws Bolts Alloy Coarse Black Oxide, Drive 6 Point Deep Impact Socket 55433 x 1/2 in Steelman 13/16 in, Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm, 1-Count Sharpie Twin-Tip . It is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of many materials. [all data], von Reis, 1881 The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a nonenforceable health goal that would allow an adequate margin of safety for the prevention of adverse effects, is zero benzene concentration in drinking water.