This paper proposes a fast and efficient underwater image enhancement model based on conditional GAN with good generalization ability using aggregation strategies and concatenate operations to take full advantage of the limited hierarchical features. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Venice, Italy, 2229 October 2017; pp. Understanding abstraction enables students to make sense of problems they encounter, helping them to not be overwhelmed in the face of something complex and to persist, compute, iterate, and ideate. It hides the underlying complexity in a programming language, which makes it simpler to implement algorithms and communicate with digital tools. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. 1373313742. and pattern recognition break down the complex, while abstraction figures out how to work with the different parts efficiently and accurately. Li, C.; Guo, C.; Ren, W.; Cong, R.; Hou, J.; Kwong, S.; Tao, D. An underwater image enhancement benchmark dataset and beyond. I can describe problems and processes as a set of structured steps. Beaver neighbourhoods consist of rivers running between ponds. Goodfellow, I.; Pouget-Abadie, J.; Mirza, M.; Xu, B.; Warde-Farley, D.; Ozair, S.; Courville, A.; Bengio, Y. Generative adversarial nets. Although the brightness and details of the image enhanced by FE-GAN were restored partially, there is still a large gap from the image style under natural light, which is also the focus of future research. When a patient discusses symptoms with a doctor or undergoes a series of tests, the results are compared against known patterns to quickly identify types of infections or injuries that may be causing the symptoms and to apply corresponding solutions to the diagnoses. Making predictions based on identified patterns. Unit 4 Programming Assignment.docx - Unit 4 Programming by Cognitive fit: A theory based analysis of the graphs versus tables literature. Patterns exist between different problems and within a single problem. [. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. I can break down problems and processes into distinct steps. Electronics. For the ImageNet dataset, we randomly selected 628 pairs of real underwater images for testing. The contextualization of data can be considered a first approximation of information and the solution transforms the data to information and then actionable knowledge. Here, we chose YOLOv5 as the object detector. Teaching Coding in K-12 Schools pp 389399Cite as. The processing of underwater images can vastly ease the difficulty of underwater robots' tasks and promote ocean exploration development. In software engineering and computer science, abstraction is a technique for arranging complexity of computer systems. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The publicly available dataset used in this research can be obtained through the following link: The authors would like to thank the Key R&D plan of Shandong Province (2020JMRH0101), National Deep Sea Center. We dont care HOW they do them only that they work. 28492857. A knight moves two spaces in one direction and one space in another direction at right angles. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 1823 June 2018; pp. 172179). For In computational thinking, one of the integral steps to the problem-solving process is pattern recognition. In which of the following neighbourhoods is Patricia unable to build her dam? Learn how this concept can be integrated in student learning. TEM Journal. Once you have identified a pattern you can speculate whether it can be reused in your existing program, or used in another program. Considering that image enhancement can be applied to the actual scene of underwater robots in the future, real-time performance is an indispensable part of model testing. You will need to know the type and format of your information and when it is required. Although there is an algorithm where one method may be faster than another, pattern matching is a key to com posing the solution. ; software, J.H. Li, J.; Liang, X.; Wei, Y.; Xu, T.; Feng, J.; Yan, S. Perceptual generative adversarial networks for small object detection. Introduction. Simultaneously, our model conducted qualitative and quantitative analysis experiments on real underwater images and artificial synthetic image datasets respectively, which effectively demonstrates the generalization ability of the model. ?(\~ tI:tDV?#qI2pF\2WL 694711. We can use this idea of abstraction to do things like make models, such as the map to represent the campus mentioned before. Computational thinking is a problem-solving skill set that is used to tackle problems in computer science. (2000). We can represent parts of a system in general terms, including Variables, Constants, Key Processes, repeated Processes, Inputs and Outputs. One example of pattern recognition in everyday life is in mathematical formulas that we may use regularly, such as for tipping, converting measurements, determining mpg of a vehicle, etc. A couple of examples are iPad apps for junior school, and Blooms Taxonomy. It does not land on any spaces in between these squares. Cho, Y.; Jeong, J.; Kim, A. Model-assisted multiband fusion for single image enhancement and applications to robot vision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Pattern recognition as part of computational thinking is the process of identifying patterns in a data set to categorize, process and resolve the information more effectively. And educators also use it when helping a student complete an assignment. Akkaynak, D.; Treibitz, T. A revised underwater image formation model. Han, J.; Zhou, J.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Ding, Z. FE-GAN: Fast and Efficient Underwater Image Enhancement Model Based on Conditional GAN. [. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 18(5), 368. Your task is to create the algorithm that will have the knight visit each square without going off the board. UIQM expresses as follows: In the ImageNet dataset, we randomly selected 5500 pairs of images for training and the remaining 628 pairs for testing. [. Video Technol. We can look for distinguishing attributes ( colour, shape, size), extract features or matching patterns. The second step of the computational solution, Algorithmic Expression, is the heart of computational problem solving. equip is an editorial to help you teach, prepare, and empower students to thrive in a connected and digital world. Similar to the EUVP dataset, using the trained CycleGAN [, Due to the lack of real underwater images, Silberman et al. In this section, we chose a relatively complete set of real and artificial synthetic underwater images to test the enhancement effect of the proposed model. Have a look at the following website about the Gang of Four design patterns https://www.tutorialspoint.com/design_pattern/design_pattern_overview.htm. Read more about Shannons Information Theory and Computational Thinking in my new book, also publicly viewable on ResearchGate. After the socks have dried, you use pattern recognition in order to pair the socks back together. >/)gU)FOW_s U}Bgw5]\0QOo, \rz0gx1Ato{C -T/~3IjdzjXM'l2%50TpY?.G/-SYrUT5Af7. A, Algorithmic Expression: We then need to find an algorithm, a precise sequence of steps, that solves the problem using appropriate data representations. A . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Munich, Germany, 59 October 2015; pp. Example 2: How does pattern recognition work on images or photographs. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Refs. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive Abstraction enables us to remove all unnecessary detail from our problem and then solve the problem using a model. Let's examine some other common problems. 49524956. Disclaimer: correlation does not equal causation; even if you spot a pattern, you might want to confirm or validate that prediction with other analyses before actually putting your money where your pattern is. In pursuing digital learning communities, she has worked with several hundred educators to tell their stories and share their insights via online publications. Comparably, formulas can be used in mathematics by using pattern recognition to identify situations in which a particular formula may or may not be useful. ; writingreview and editing, J.H. You seem to have javascript disabled. What is the best way to present the information. If you were to look at how your day is organised in your School or College, you will see that it follows a pattern: This pattern holds true for each day of the week for most students in most schools and colleges. Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Patricia is grumpy and wants to build one dam in each neighbourhood that will cause trouble. Computers store and enormous amount of data and in so doing they utilize algorithms that simply use pointers or markers instead of repeated lines of text or data. The One About Abstraction in Computational Thinking - Learning 2023. Computational thinking is a problem-solving skill that develops an algorithm, or series of steps to perform a task or solve a problem. Computational Thinking - Pattern Recognition - Google Liu, P.; Wang, G.; Qi, H.; Zhang, C.; Zheng, H.; Yu, Z. Cognitive load theory and the format of instruction. IEEE Trans. For example, if youre faced with writing a large, complex paper, you might choose to tackle it by decomposing the paper into smaller sub-sections and tackling each of those separately. Using UICM (color measurement index), UISM (sharpness measurement index), UIConM (contrast measurement index) as the evaluation basis. Isola et al. We look for things that have similarity in each order to address the problem. Ignatov, A.; Kobyshev, N.; Timofte, R.; Vanhoey, K.; Van Gool, L. Dslr-quality photos on mobile devices with deep convolutional networks. Abstraction is similar to the selective filtering function in our brains that gates the neural signals with which we are constantly bombarded so we can make sense of our world and focus on whats essential to us. Lets consider our Student IMS. PDF Promoting Undergraduate Pre-Service Teacher Computational Thinking Data are the raw facts or observations of nature and computation is the manipulation of data by some systematic procedure carried out by some computing agent. Zhang, H.; Zhang, S.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zhou, T.; Bian, H. Subsea pipeline leak inspection by autonomous underwater vehicle. Defining Computational Thinking as an Evident Tool in Problem-Solving Although computational thinking isnt a formal methodology for reasoning, it does encompass some basic principles that are useful in all fields and disciplines. Silberman, N.; Hoiem, D.; Kohli, P.; Fergus, R. Indoor segmentation and support inference from rgbd images. Once we know the parameters, we can see that baking a cake of many types is not that different --- because patterns exist. ; methodology, J.H. How to Help Students Improve Pattern Recognition Skills, 3 Important Additions to Digital Literacy for Students in 2023. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Honolulu, HI, USA, 2126 July 2017; pp. This is a similar problem to bringing utilities to each home, a situation engineers face when building communities. Both of these test sets are from the UIEBD dataset, which is more challenging. Recognising patterns things that are common between problems or programs is one of the key aspects of computational thinking. For them to use technology responsibly, safely and effectively, they need to understand the Digital literacy encompasses the skills required to use technology safely, effectively and responsibly. We chose the pre-trained YOLOv5 as the object detection model and tested the images before and after enhancement on the EUVP dataset. It should be pointed out that because the training set and test set of the Mixed dataset are relatively small, the experimental gap here is not very large. In this dataset, part of the images are collected by seven different camera equipment; the other part comes from images captured in YouTube videos. The appropriateness of scratch and app inventor as educational environments for teaching introductory programming in primary and secondary education. Our web-based curriculum for grades K-12 engages students as they learn keyboarding, online safety, applied productivity tools, computational thinking, coding and more. We know that the pattern of process at the timed lights in the area is for the cross-traffic turn lanes to turn next, then straight cross-traffic, the turn lanes in our direction, then finally our light will turn green. To further improve the quality of the generated image, we introduce the pixel-level and image-level loss functions into the objective function formulation. [, This dataset uses the images with good brightness and visibility collected from Imagenet as ground truth. Pattern Recognition in Computational Thinking - learning.com As students go through the learning process, they are exposed to many type of patterns and the early recognition of patterns is key to understanding many other more complex problems. 67236732. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, our model achieved better results. [, For the existing synthetic and real underwater image datasets, many GAN-based methods have been proven to have achieved good results in underwater image enhancement. It was proposed by Ref. Due to the limitation of memory, all pictures were resized to. %PDF-1.5 % Different loss functions based on texture and content are combined with weights to constrain the generator and discriminator. All rights reserved. We can also generalize to form a big picture that ignores some of the inessential details. In learning, we often look for patterns that would aid in knowledge transfer and solving problems in a variety of subjects including languages, music and chemistry. Education and information technologies (2022) 27:8289-8310 In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Quebec City, QC, Canada, 2730 September 2015; pp. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Pattern recognition in problem solving is key to determining appropriate solutions to problems and knowing how to solve certain types of problems. ; writingoriginal draft preparation, J.H. Although these are differences, all School and College IMS systems fundamentally need to be able to take a register. This can be seen further here. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21970-2_26, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, http://rigaux.org/language-study/diagram.html, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Big-Picture Learning: Using Abstraction in the Classroom It works by establishing a level of complexity on which a person interacts with the system, suppressing the more complex details below the current level. %%EOF As a crucial processing technology in the field of computer vision, image enhancement can purposefully emphasize the holistic or partial characteristics of an image. In Proceedings of the Proc. Pixel-level: Existing research shows that the, The model we proposed uses paired image training, and an objective function is constructed for this purpose to guide. To summarise abstraction is the gathering of the general characteristics we need and the filtering out of the details and characteristics that we do not need.. A website providing comprehensive coverage of computer programming. ; data curation, L.W. (2012). Consider the student search system, it can be represented using the following terms: Variables - these are the values that will change - in this case the surname of a student. Arts: Students generalize chord progressions for common musical genres into a set of general principles they can communicate. Many people use face recognition in photos when posting to social media. Here, we also chose PSNR and SSIM as the evaluation indicators that regard aggregation and concatenate as the connection mode between the encoder and the decoder. We will examine this in more detail with the lens of pattern recognition. What patterns are visible here? Founded in 1999, Learning.com provides educators with solutions to prepare their students with critical digital skills. Once you have decomposed a complex problem, it helps to look for similarities or 'patterns' in each segmented part of the problem. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, Using a public data set we will examine patterns in data and visualize or describe the patterns. Abstraction in Computational Thinking | Learning.com positive feedback from the reviewers. Zagami, J. We intend to develop computational thinking skills and Pattern Recognition is one of the 4 components, however we also want to emphasize that there are many examples where a computer or other devices may not be required. The results show that our model produces better images, and has good generalization ability and real-time performance, which is more conducive to the practical application of underwater robot tasks. In this paper, we proposed an underwater image enhancement model based on a conditional generative adversarial network. Han, M.; Lyu, Z.; Qiu, T.; Xu, M. A review on intelligence dehazing and color restoration for underwater images. Decomposition and pattern recognition broke down the complex, and abstraction figures out how to work with the different parts efficiently and accurately. [. (1992). Can you spot any patterns about the patterns? 16821691. Your alarm on your smart phone wakes you in the morningthats powered by computer science. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. Aggarwal, A.; Mittal, M.; Battineni, G. Generative adversarial network: An overview of theory and applications. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. These heuristics for computational thinking are very similar to the heuristics usually given for the 5-step scientific method taught in grade school, which is often written out as something like: These are nice guidelines but theyre not mandatory. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051227, Han J, Zhou J, Wang L, Wang Y, Ding Z. FE-GAN: Fast and Efficient Underwater Image Enhancement Model Based on Conditional GAN. % Computational thinking (CT) is a set of thinking patterns that includes understanding problems with appropriate representation, reasoning at multiple levels of abstraction, and developing automated solutions [1]. Compared with the original distorted image, the processed image has a more natural tone and increased brightness, so the target in the image is clearer and easier to identify. New Cur 26: Algorithmic Sinking - BAD MATHEMATICS permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Diagram and history of programming languages. Anna is passionate about helping educators leverage technology to connect with and learn from each other. Hambarde, P.; Murala, S.; Dhall, A. UW-GAN: Single-image depth estimation and image enhancement for underwater images. Zhao, J.; Mathieu, M.; LeCun, Y. Energy-based generative adversarial network. Results on different datasets prove that the model also has good generalization ability. At its core, the central aspect of all fundamental physical science is prediction, usually through experimentation. The Singapore 2103 primary curriculum uses the term "algorithm" 26 times, and every single time it is in explicit reference to learning or practising the standard arithmetic algorithms. We automatically process this pattern and can reasonably predict how much time we have before the light will turn green. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051227, Han, Jie, Jian Zhou, Lin Wang, Yu Wang, and Zhongjun Ding. 19. If that context is the probability of occurrence, we end up with Shannons Information measure. Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely Experiments on different datasets show that the enhanced image can achieve higher PSNR and SSIM values, and the mAP value also achieved significant results in the object detection task. A teacher wants to look up details about a specific student. [, Akkaynak, D.; Treibitz, T. Sea-thru: A method for removing water from underwater images. Computational thinking (CT), recognized as a cognitive skill set for problem-solving (PS ) (), has been regarded as a fundamental capacity for students in the digital society ().Wing (2006) proposed a broad definition, emphasizing the fields of computer science in human endeavors: According to Wing (2006), "computational thinking involves solving problems, designing systems, and . In addition, being able to identify the general principles that underly the patterns weve identified allows us to generalize patterns and trends into rules. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Venice, Italy, 2229 October 2017; pp. ; resources, J.Z. While the phrase . All of these required the people behind them to think about big, broad, and complex concepts; to break down the problem and to experiment; and to find patterns amongst the experimentations; and to eventually abstract this concrete knowledge to package it into these sterile statements that shelter us from the complexity and difficulty waded through to arrive at this law. Science: Students develop laws and theorems by looking at similar formulas and equations. English Language Arts Students summarize a novel into a book review. Mao, X.; Li, Q.; Xie, H.; Lau, R.Y. In this process, pattern recognition is Digital literacy refers to the knowledge and ability to use technology effectively and responsibly. In this activity we will engage participants in a text compression exercise. For example, you might want to search for students in a class, or who are being taught by a specific teacher all these involve some form of searching, the only thing that differs is what you are searching for. Can you identify all the general terms that you would need for this program to securely manage your timetable and your homework? However, the training process of GAN is usually unstable. Using the cognitive walkthrough to improve the design of a visual programming experiment. Li, C.; Anwar, S.; Hou, J.; Cong, R.; Guo, C.; Ren, W. Underwater Image Enhancement via Medium Transmission-Guided Multi-Color Space Embedding. All cats have a tail, eyes and fur, and also eat fish and meow. Retrieved February 24, 2022, from http://rigaux.org/language-study/diagram.html. Mirza, M.; Osindero, S. Conditional generative adversarial nets. We apply the FE-GAN model to real and artificially synthesized underwater image datasets, process paired and unpaired distorted images, and compare them with the corresponding ground truth images. Cognition and Instruction, 8(4), 293332. "A$n1D2ldfH e/X,r,fAd5Xl>}A`0Y"XMX"Sn)2L@_\8Lw_ O This is similar to travelling public transport problems. In computational thinking, decomposition and pattern recognition break down the complex, while abstraction figures out how to work with the different . Computational problems, in general, require a certain mode of approach or way of thinking. [. We conducted feature fusion experiments between the encoder and decoder utilizing concatenate and aggregation, respectively. %PDF-1.4 [, In recent years, deep learning gradually occupied a leading position in the field of computer vision with its high plasticity and universality.